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- Vol 7 RE: Chapter 3
extended mindactive externalismparity principlecognitive systemsexternal memorycoupled cognitive systemsdistributed cognitionJournal article Evidence summaryAt a glance
Clark and Chalmers argue for active externalism: under appropriate conditions, parts of the environment can constitute a cognitive process rather than merely supply inputs to an internal mind.
Key ideas
Their parity principle asks whether an external process would be accepted as cognitive if it occurred inside the head. The contrast between Inga's biological memory and Otto's reliably consulted notebook illustrates how information that is constantly available, automatically endorsed, and easily accessible can function as memory. Language, diagrams, tools, and collaborative arrangements can form coupled systems that accomplish thinking. The claim is stronger than saying tools influence cognition; it concerns where a cognitive system is bounded.
Why it matters
For educators, the paper invites attention to how learners coordinate with notes, representations, devices, and people, while also raising questions about reliability, access, agency, and what happens when an external resource is removed.
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- TE
- Teacher Edition
- PE
- Practice Edition
- RE
- Research Edition
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