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3 references
Azevedo reviews research on learning complex science topics with open-ended hypermedia and argues that such environments become useful metacognitive tools only when they support self-regulated learning.
Learners must coordinate prior knowledge, planning, monitoring, strategy use, motivation, and adaptation while navigating nonlinear information. Studies from the author's laboratory and classrooms show that learners of different ages often struggle to deploy these processes spontaneously. The article uses self-regulated learning as a framework for analysing both learning outcomes and the moment-by-moment processes that produce them. It also considers how prompts, human tutors, and adaptive computer scaffolds can model or support productive regulation.
The main implication is that access to rich digital resources does not by itself ensure deep learning: effective environments must help students set goals, activate relevant knowledge, monitor understanding, choose strategies, and revise their approach when comprehension breaks down.
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This multidisciplinary handbook surveys theories, methods, and applications of self-regulation across educational, developmental, personality, clinical, health, and organisational psychology.
Chapters address goal setting, motivation, attention, emotion, metacognition, volition, social and environmental influences, individual differences, development, measurement, and interventions. The collection shows that self-regulation is not a single skill or stable trait: it involves interacting systems that generate standards, monitor progress, manage thoughts and feelings, select action, and respond to feedback. It also examines failures of regulation and the conditions under which control can be learned or supported.
For educators, the handbook provides conceptual tools for distinguishing cognitive strategy knowledge from motivation and implementation, selecting measures that match a theory, and designing support for goals, monitoring, strategy adaptation, emotional regulation, and persistence rather than expecting learners to regulate independently without instruction or context.
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Botha, du Toit-Brits, and Blignaut synthesise theoretical perspectives on self-directed learning and the changing role of teachers.
Self-directed learners diagnose needs, formulate goals, identify resources, choose and implement strategies, and evaluate outcomes, but this agency develops through supportive educational relationships rather than teacher absence. The article discusses motivation, creativity, adaptability, learner diversity, digital contexts, and the capabilities teachers need to create environments that gradually transfer responsibility. Teachers act as designers, facilitators, models, coaches, and providers of feedback while ensuring that learners have sufficient knowledge and structure to make productive choices.
For educators, the review recommends explicit instruction in goal setting, planning, resource evaluation, monitoring, and reflection; meaningful choice within clear expectations; responsive scaffolding; and assessment practices that help students become increasingly capable of directing future learning.
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