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Biesta critiques the transfer of evidence-based medicine's “what works” logic into education.
Educational action is not a technical intervention with fixed ends: decisions always involve judgments about desirable purposes, relationships, and consequences. Research can inform practice by offering possibilities, explanations, and evidence about what worked under particular conditions, but it cannot determine what a teacher should do. Treating causal findings as prescriptions narrows professional judgment and hides the values embedded in definitions of effectiveness. It can also create a democratic deficit by moving decisions about educational aims from teachers, learners, and publics to researchers or policy systems.
For educators and leaders, the article supports evidence-informed rather than evidence-determined practice: examine the quality and relevance of evidence while keeping purposes, ethics, context, and participation open to deliberation.
Biesta offers an introduction organised around questions that conventional research-methods texts often leave implicit.
Before choosing a method, researchers must consider what education is, what improvement means, how theory functions, and how inquiry relates to professional judgment and democracy. Chapters examine pragmatism, educational practice, configurations of research, measurement, knowledge, and the political economy of academic publishing. The book resists both method-driven research and the claim that evidence can settle normative educational questions. Research becomes educational when it engages with purposes and the distinctive practical relations through which education occurs.
For new and experienced researchers, the text recommends methodological competence joined with conceptual and political reflexivity: clarify the educational problem, examine assumptions about causality and value, recognise institutional incentives, and ask how knowledge claims might contribute responsibly to practice without replacing democratic judgment.
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