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Barnett and Ceci argue that debate about whether far transfer occurs has been confused by treating transfer as a single phenomenon. They propose a taxonomy that separates what is transferred—such as a learned procedure, principle, or representation—from the contexts across which it must travel.
Context dimensions include knowledge domain, physical setting, time interval, function, social setting, and modality. A transfer task may therefore be near on one dimension but far on another. Classifying studies in this multidimensional way explains why a single overall effect size would conceal important differences. The review finds substantial evidence for transfer under some conditions while identifying gaps under others.
For educators, the framework encourages specifying exactly how new situations differ from practice and designing varied opportunities that bridge those differences.
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