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Engeström proposes a research agenda for studying concept formation outside laboratories and formal lessons, where communities create culturally new concepts while confronting persistent practical problems. Drawing on cultural-historical activity theory and dialectical accounts of concept development, he advances five guiding ideas.
Concepts form within historically evolving collective activity systems; different kinds of concepts must be distinguished; theoretical concepts develop by ascending from an abstract germ cell toward a concrete system; concepts in practice are polyvalent, contested, and dynamic; and concept formation is intertwined with transformative agency generated through double stimulation. Concepts are therefore not merely static labels acquired by individuals. They can become future-oriented instruments that reorganise a shared activity, its relationships, and its possibilities for action. Research should follow concepts longitudinally across discourse, material tools, social relations, and organisational boundaries.
For education, the agenda connects classroom learning with wider productive activities and asks how learners participate in creating concepts capable of transforming the situations they address.
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