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1 reference
Veenman, Van Hout-Wolters, and Afflerbach introduce Metacognition and Learning by identifying ten conceptual and methodological issues. They distinguish metacognitive knowledge—what learners know about persons, tasks, and strategies—from skills used to plan, monitor, regulate, and evaluate cognition.
These components are related but not identical, and knowing an effective strategy does not ensure its timely use. The article examines whether metacognition is domain-general or domain-specific, how it relates to intelligence, how knowledge and regulation develop, and whether general regulatory skills transfer across tasks. It also considers feelings and judgements that cue control, conscious versus less conscious processes, verbalisation, measurement, and instruction. Common measures—questionnaires, interviews, think-alouds, observations, traces, and performance indicators—capture different aspects and can disagree; on-line process measures are especially important for studying actual regulation.
The authors argue that metacognitive skill contributes to learning beyond intellectual ability but develops through experience and explicit support. Instruction should embed modelling, guided practice, feedback, and gradual independence in meaningful subject matter, while researchers should triangulate methods and avoid treating a broad construct as one interchangeable score.
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